Breeding oat for resistance to the crown rust pathogen Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae: achievements and prospects.

Crown rust, caused by Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae (Pca), is a significant impediment to global oat production. Some 98 alleles at 92 loci conferring resistance to Pca in Avena have been designated; however, allelic relationships and chromosomal locations of many of these are unknown. Long-term monitoring of Pca in Australia, North America and elsewhere has shown that it is highly variable even in the absence of sexual recombination, likely due to large pathogen populations that cycle between wild oat communities and oat crops. Efforts to develop cultivars with genetic resistance to Pca began in the 1950s. Based almost solely on all all-stage resistance, this has had temporary benefits but very limited success. The inability to eradicate wild oats, and their common occurrence in many oat growing regions, means that future strategies to control Pca must be based on the assumption of a large and variable prevailing pathogen population with high evolutionary potential, even if cultivars with durable resistance are deployed and grown widely. The presence of minor gene, additive APR to Pca in hexaploid oat germplasm opens the possibility of pyramiding several such genes to give high levels of resistance. The recent availability of reference genomes for diploid and hexaploid oat will undoubtedly accelerate efforts to discover, characterise and develop high throughput diagnostic markers to introgress and pyramid resistance to Pca in high yielding adapted oat germplasm.

Population genomics of Mediterranean oat (A. sativa) reveals high genetic diversity and three loci for heading date.

KEY MESSAGE: Genomic analysis of Mediterranean oats reveals high genetic diversity and three loci for adaptation to this environment. This information together with phenotyping and passport data, gathered in an interactive map, will be a vital resource for oat genetic improvement. During the twentieth century, oat landraces have increasingly been replaced by modern cultivars, resulting in loss of genetic diversity. However, landraces have considerable potential to improve disease and abiotic stress tolerance and may outperform cultivars under low input systems. In this work, we assembled a panel of 669 oat landraces from Mediterranean rim and 40 cultivated oat varieties and performed the first large-scale population genetic analysis of both red and white oat types of Mediterranean origin. We created a public database associated with an interactive map to visualize information for each accession. The oat collection was genotyped with 17,288 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci to evaluate population structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD); to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAs) for heading date, a key character closely correlated with performance in this drought-prone area. Population genetic analysis using both structure and PCA distinguished two main groups composed of the red and white oats, respectively. The white oat group was further divided into two subgroups. LD decay was slower within white lines in linkage groups Mrg01, 02, 04, 12, 13, 15, 23, 33, whereas it was slower within red lines in Mrg03, 05, 06, 11, 21, 24, and 28. Association analysis showed several significant markers associated with heading date on linkage group Mrg13 in white oats and on Mrg01 and Mrg08 in red oats.

El polietileno de alto entrecruzamiento no reduce el desgaste en la artroplastia total de rodilla / Cross-linked polyethylene does not reduce wear in total knee arthroplasty

Objetivo: Comparar dos pares de fricción (metal/polietileno de ultra alto peso molecular [UHMWPE], metal/polietileno de alto entrecruzamiento) mediante análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de partículas de polietileno en líquido sinovial a los 3 años postintervención en pacientes portadores de prótesis total de rodilla (PTR). Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohortes prospectivo, aleatorizado, con evaluación ciega incluyendo 25 pacientes a quienes se intervino de PTR de manera bilateral, con 6 meses de diferencia. A los 3 años postintervención, se realizaron artrocentesis de rodilla a 12 pacientes y se analizaron las partículas de polietileno. Resultados: No se hallaron diferencias significativas en el número de partículas generadas por los diferentes insertos de polietileno a los 3 años tras la implantación de una artroplastia total de rodilla (3.000×: x¯ entrecruzado=849,7; x¯ UHMWPE=796,9; p=0,63; 20.000×: x¯ entrecruzado=66,3; x¯ UHMWPE=73,1; p=0,76). Tampoco existen diferencias significativas entre los 2 tipos de inserto, entre la posibilidad de encontrar partículas de forma elongada (χ2=0,19; p=0,66) ni redonda (χ2=1,44; p=0,23). Sin embargo, la probabilidad de encontrar partículas de forma fibrilar es 3,08 veces mayor en el UHMWPE. Conclusiones: El polietileno altamente entrecruzado no reduce significativamente la generación de partículas de polietileno en aquellos pacientes intervenidos mediante una artroplastia total de rodilla, con muestras a 3 años postintervención

Aim: To compare two different types of inserts: Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and cross-linked polyethylene with a quantitative and qualitative study of polyethylene wear particles in synovial fluid 3 years after total knee arthroplasty. Material and methods: A prospective, randomized, controlled cohort study with blinded evaluation was carried out on 25 patients undergoing staged bilateral total knee replacement, 6 months apart. Knee arthrocentesis was performed on 12 patients 3 years after surgery, and the polyethylene particles were analyzed. Results: No significant differences were found in the number of particles generated by the two different types of inserts at 3 years from total knee arthroplasty (3,000×: x¯ cross-linked=849.7; x¯ UHMWPE=796.9; P=.63; 20,000×: x¯ cross-linked=66.3; x¯ UHMWPE=73.1; P=.76). Likewise, no differences in the probability of finding elongated (χ2=0.19; P=.66) or rounded (χ2=1.44; P=.23) particles in both types of inserts were observed. However, the probability of finding fibrillar particles is 3.08 times greater in UHMWPE. Conclusions: Cross-linked polyethylene does not significantly reduce the generation of polyethylene particles in patients with total knee arthroplasty, 3 years after the surgical procedure

Cross-linked polyethylene does not reduce wear in total knee arthroplasty. / El polietileno de alto entrecruzamiento no reduce el desgaste en la artroplastia total de rodilla.

AIM: To compare two different types of inserts: Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and cross-linked polyethylene with a quantitative and qualitative study of polyethylene wear particles in synovial fluid 3 years after total knee arthroplasty. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, randomized, controlled cohort study with blinded evaluation was carried out on 25 patients undergoing staged bilateral total knee replacement, 6 months apart. Knee arthrocentesis was performed on 12 patients 3 years after surgery, and the polyethylene particles were analyzed. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in the number of particles generated by the two different types of inserts at 3 years from total knee arthroplasty (3,000×: x¯ cross-linked=849.7; x¯ UHMWPE=796.9; P=.63; 20,000×: x¯ cross-linked=66.3; x¯ UHMWPE=73.1; P=.76). Likewise, no differences in the probability of finding elongated (χ2=0.19; P=.66) or rounded (χ2=1.44; P=.23) particles in both types of inserts were observed. However, the probability of finding fibrillar particles is 3.08 times greater in UHMWPE. CONCLUSIONS: Cross-linked polyethylene does not significantly reduce the generation of polyethylene particles in patients with total knee arthroplasty, 3 years after the surgical procedure.

Usefulness of 18F-FDG PET/CT in recurrent basal cell carcinoma: report of a case / Utilidad de la 18F-FDG PET/TC en el carcinoma basocelular recurrente: a propósito de un caso

We analyze the case of a patient with left periorbital infiltrating basal cell carcinoma treated with surgical excision in October 2010. Surgery included orbital exenteration and reconstruction using skin graft and radiotherapy. In May 2013 a MR imaging showed a mass in the left orbital fossa, suggesting a recurrence in the graft. A basal cell carcinoma recurrence with perineural invasion was confirmed in the biopsy. On 18F-FDG PET/CT performed, a hypermetabolic activity was observed in the left periorbital area with extension to surrounding sinus and bones. The use of 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma has not been fully explored due to the rarity of this entity. This case demonstrates the usefulness of this technique to determine the extent of non-melanocytic recurrent skin tumors, and its value in the staging and treatment control, supporting the incorporation of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the management of advanced basal cell carcinoma (AU)

Analizamos el caso de un paciente con carcinoma basocelular infiltrante periorbitario izquierdo, tratado con exéresis quirúrgica en Octubre de 2010 incluyendo exanteración orbitaria, reconstrucción mediante injerto cutáneo y radioterapia. En Mayo de 2013 una RM demostró una masa en la fosa orbitaria izquierda, sugestiva de recidiva en el injerto. Un carcinoma basocelular morfeiforme, con invasión perineural fue confirmado mediante biopsia. Se realizó 18F-FDG PET/TC donde se observó actividad hipermetabólica en zona periorbitaria izquierda con infiltración de dicho espacio, senos paranasales y huesos circundantes. El uso de 18F-FDG PET/TC, en pacientes con carcinoma basocelular avanzado no ha sido explorado completamente debido a la rareza de esta entidad. Este caso demuestra la utilidad de esta técnica para detectar y establecer la extensión de tumores recurrentes de piel, no melanociticos y su valor en la estadificación y control del tratamiento, apoyando la incorporación de la 18F-FDG PET/TC en el manejo del carcinoma basocelular avanzado (AU)

Usefulness of (18)F-FDG PET/CT in recurrent basal cell carcinoma: Report of a case.

We analyze the case of a patient with left periorbital infiltrating basal cell carcinoma treated with surgical excision in October 2010. Surgery included orbital exenteration and reconstruction using skin graft and radiotherapy. In May 2013 a MR imaging showed a mass in the left orbital fossa, suggesting a recurrence in the graft. A basal cell carcinoma recurrence with perineural invasion was confirmed in the biopsy. On (18)F-FDG PET/CT performed, a hypermetabolic activity was observed in the left periorbital area with extension to surrounding sinus and bones. The use of (18)F-FDG PET/CT in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma has not been fully explored due to the rarity of this entity. This case demonstrates the usefulness of this technique to determine the extent of non-melanocytic recurrent skin tumors, and its value in the staging and treatment control, supporting the incorporation of (18)F-FDG PET/CT in the management of advanced basal cell carcinoma.

The contribution of 18F-FDG PET/CT in a patient with cutaneous metastases of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis / Aportación de la 18F-FDG PET/TC en un paciente con metástasis cutáneas de un carcinoma de células escamosas de pene

A 61-year-old patient was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (SCCP) and treated with partial penectomy (pT1,N0,M0,G2). Seven months later, a palpable adenopathy was found in the left inguinal region. An 18F-FDG PET/CT exploration showed hypermetabolic lymphadenopathies in inguinal, pelvic, retroperitoneal regions, in both lung hila and in the left supraclavicular regions. At the end of the 4th cycle of chemotherapy (cisplatin + 5FU) the patient developed numerous skin metastases at the root of the left thigh and a pleural effusion in the right lung. In a new exploration with 18F-FDG PET/CT the number, size and metabolic activity of known lymphadenopathies decreased. Right pleural carcinomatosis and intense FDG uptake in cutaneous metastases were observed. Weeks later, the patient died. 18F-FDG-PET/TC may be useful in patients with SCCP and metastatic inguinal lymphadenopathies, to assess the response to chemotherapy and to detect other unsuspected metastases in the rare cases of cutaneous metastases (AU)

Paciente de 61 años diagnosticado de carcinoma de células escamosas de pene (CCEP) tratado mediante penectomía parcial (pT1,N0,M0,G2). Siete meses más tarde, se constata una adenopatía palpable en la región inguinal izquierda. Una exploración 18F-FDG PET/TC demostró adenopatías hipermetabólicas inguinales, pélvicas, retroperitoneales, en ambos hilios pulmonares y en la región supraclavicular izquierda. Al finalizar el 4° ciclo de quimioterapia (cisplatino + 5FU) el paciente desarrolla numerosas letálides en la raíz del muslo izquierdo y un derrame pleural derecho. En una nueva exploración 18F-FDG PET/TC se apreció disminución del número, tamaño y actividad metabólica de las adenopatías conocidas, carcinomatosis pleural derecha e intensa captación de FDG en las metástasis cutáneas. El paciente fallece semanas más tarde. La 18F-FDG-PET/TC puede ser útil en pacientes con CCEP y adenopatías inguinales metastásicas, para valorar la respuesta al tratamiento quimioterápico y en los raros casos de metástasis cutáneas para detectar otras metástasis no sospechadas (AU)

Radioguided surgery in Meckel's diverticulum / Cirugía radiodirigida en el divertículo de Meckel

We analyze the case of a patient with intermittent episodes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding and suspected Meckel’s diverticulum, whose presence was confirmed by 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy. A previous exploratory laparotomy had been performed without finding the diverticulum. In spite of years of medical treatment, the patient presented a new episode of lower gastrointestinal bleeding with normal colonoscopy. A new 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy (including SPECT/CT) was performed and allowed the anatomical location of a Meckel’s diverticulum and enabled its removal by laparoscopic radioguided surgery. The introduction of SPECT/CT in the scintigraphic diagnostic protocol in Meckel’s diverticulum increases diagnostic safety and improves lesion location. Furthermore, it favors the performance of radioguided surgery and facilitates the lesion resection, particularly when the patient has suffered previous abdominal surgery, with a more conservative procedure, reducing the morbidity associated with the surgical procedure (AU)

Analizamos el caso de un paciente con episodios intermitentes de hemorragia digestiva baja y sospecha de divertículo de Meckel, cuya presencia se confirmó mediante gammagrafía con 99mTc-pertecnetato. Anteriormente se había realizado laparotomía exploradora sin encontrarse el divertículo. Tras a˜nos de control con tratamiento médico, presenta un nuevo episodio de hemorragia digestiva baja con colonoscopía normal. La realización de una nueva gammagrafía con 99mTc-pertecnetato (incluyendo SPECT/TAC) permitió localizar anatómicamente el divertículo de Meckel y plantear su exéresis mediante cirugía laparoscópica radiodirigida. La introducción de la SPECT/TAC en el protocolo diagnóstico del divertículo de Meckel incrementa la seguridad diagnóstica y mejora la localización de la lesión permitiendo la realización de cirugía radiodirigida que facilita la resección de la misma, particularmente en el caso de una reintervención, con un procedimiento más conservador, reduciendo la morbilidad relacionada con la cirugía (AU)

The contribution of ¹8F-FDG PET/CT in a patient with cutaneous metastases of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis.

A 61-year-old patient was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (SCCP) and treated with partial penectomy (pT1,N0,M0,G2). Seven months later, a palpable adenopathy was found in the left inguinal region. An (18)F-FDG PET/CT exploration showed hypermetabolic lymphadenopathies in inguinal, pelvic, retroperitoneal regions, in both lung hila and in the left supraclavicular regions. At the end of the 4th cycle of chemotherapy (cisplatin+5FU) the patient developed numerous skin metastases at the root of the left thigh and a pleural effusion in the right lung. In a new exploration with (18)F-FDG PET/CT the number, size and metabolic activity of known lymphadenopathies decreased. Right pleural carcinomatosis and intense FDG uptake in cutaneous metastases were observed. Weeks later, the patient died. (18)F-FDG-PET/TC may be useful in patients with SCCP and metastatic inguinal lymphadenopathies, to assess the response to chemotherapy and to detect other unsuspected metastases in the rare cases of cutaneous metastases.

Radioguided surgery in Meckel's diverticulum.

We analyze the case of a patient with intermittent episodes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding and suspected Meckel's diverticulum, whose presence was confirmed by (99m)Tc-pertechnetate scintigraphy. A previous exploratory laparotomy had been performed without finding the diverticulum. In spite of years of medical treatment, the patient presented a new episode of lower gastrointestinal bleeding with normal colonoscopy. A new (99m)Tc-pertechnetate scintigraphy (including SPECT/CT) was performed and allowed the anatomical location of a Meckel's diverticulum and enabled its removal by laparoscopic radioguided surgery. The introduction of SPECT/CT in the scintigraphic diagnostic protocol in Meckel's diverticulum increases diagnostic safety and improves lesion location. Furthermore, it favors the performance of radioguided surgery and facilitates the lesion resection, particularly when the patient has suffered previous abdominal surgery, with a more conservative procedure, reducing the morbidity associated with the surgical procedure.

Extenso patrón hipermetabólico por activación de la grasa parda en un paciente diagnosticado de paraganglioma para-vesical secretor de catecolaminas explorado mediante 18F-FDG PET/TC / Extensive hypermetabolic pattern of brown adipose tissue activation on 18F-FDG PET/CT in a patient diagnosed of catecholamine-secreting para-vesical paraganglioma

El uso generalizado de la exploración 18F-FDG PET-TC en pacientes de cáncer ha permitido demostrar la existencia de grasa parda metabólicamente activa, también llamada tejido adiposo pardo (TAP), en sujetos humanos adultos, y conocer su distribución anatómica in vivo. Como determinantes fisiológicos de la captación de 18F-FDG por el TAP se han identificado el sexo, la edad, la temperatura y el índice de masa corporal. Hemos observado una extensa activación del TAP, incluyendo la región mesentérica, en un paciente con un paranganglioma paravesical secretor de catecolaminas. La activación extensa del TAP podría ser secundaria a la estimulación adrenérgica por un exceso de la concentración de noradrenalina circulante (AU)

The widespread use of 18F-FDG PET-CT scanning in oncological patients has allowed to demonstrate the existence of metabolically active brown fat, also called brown adipose tissue (BAT), in adult humans, and specifying its anatomical distribution in vivo. As physiological determinants to BAT 18F-FDG uptake has been identified gender, age, temperature, and body mass index. We have observed extensive activation of the BAT, including the mesenteric region, in a patient with a catecholamine-secreting para-vesical paranganglioma. The extensive BAT activation could be secondary to adrenergic stimulation due to excess of circulating norepinephrine concentration (AU)

Extensive hypermetabolic pattern of brown adipose tissue activation on 18F-FDG PET/CT in a patient diagnosed of catecholamine-secreting para-vesical paraganglioma.

The widespread use of (18)F-FDG PET-CT scanning in oncological patients has allowed to demonstrate the existence of metabolically active brown fat, also called brown adipose tissue (BAT), in adult humans, and specifying its anatomical distribution in vivo. As physiological determinants to BAT (18)F-FDG uptake has been identified gender, age, temperature, and body mass index. We have observed extensive activation of the BAT, including the mesenteric region, in a patient with a catecholamine-secreting para-vesical paranganglioma. The extensive BAT activation could be secondary to adrenergic stimulation due to excess of circulating norepinephrine concentration.

Diagnóstico mediante 18F-FDG PET-TAC de infección quística hepática en paciente con enfermedad poliquística renal autosómica dominante y fiebre de origen desconocido / 18F-FDG PET/CT diagnosis of liver cyst infection in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and fever of unknown origin

El diagnóstico, la localización y el tratamiento de los quistes renales o hepáticos infectados en pacientes con enfermedad poliquística renal autosómica dominante (EPRAD) sigue siendo un reto clínico. Comunicamos los hallazgos de la 18F-FDG PET-TAC en un paciente diagnosticado de EPRAD, trasplantado renal hace 5 años, que presentó episodios repetidos de bacteriemia sin foco conocido en las exploraciones radiológicas practicadas. La exploración con 18F-FDG PET-TAC demostró numerosas imágenes hipermetabólicas de morfología focal o anular relacionadas con el contenido y la pared de alguno de los quistes hepáticos. La mayor actividad metabólica se localizó en los segmentos vi y vii . Se procedió a la punción y drenaje de uno de los quistes del segmento vi extrayendo 110 cc de un líquido purulento en el que creció Escherichia coli (E. coli) BLEE. La exploración de la 18F-FDG PET-TAC debería incluirse en el algoritmo diagnóstico para detectar quistes hepáticos infectados en pacientes con EPRAD y fiebre de origen desconocido(AU)

The diagnosis, localization and treatment of infected cysts in the kidney or liver of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) remain a clinical challenge. We report the findings of 18F-FDG PET-CT in an ADPKD diagnosed patient who required renal transplantation five years before and in his follow up presented repeated episodes of bacteriemia without known focus on radiological tests performed. The 18F-FDG PET-CT scan showed numerous hypermetabolic images with focal or ring-shaped morphology related to the content and the wall of some hepatic cysts. The increased metabolic activity was localized on segments VI and VII. We proceeded to drainage of one cyst in segment VI, removing 110 cc of purulent fluid which grew E. Coli BLEE. The 18F-FDG PET/CT scan should be included in the diagnostic algorithm for detecting infected liver cysts in patients with ADPKD and fever of unknown origin(AU)

The role of bone scanning in severe frostbite of the feet in a mountaineer / La gammagrafía ósea en un alpinista con congelaciones de los pies

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[18F-FDG PET/CT diagnosis of liver cyst infection in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and fever of unknown origin]. / Diagnóstico mediante 18F-FDG PET-TAC de infección quística hepática en paciente con enfermedad poliquística renal autosómica dominante y fiebre de origen desconocido.

The diagnosis, localization and treatment of infected cysts in the kidney or liver of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) remain a clinical challenge. We report the findings of (18)F-FDG PET-CT in an ADPKD diagnosed patient who required renal transplantation five years before and in his follow up presented repeated episodes of bacteriemia without known focus on radiological tests performed. The (18)F-FDG PET-CT scan showed numerous hypermetabolic images with focal or ring-shaped morphology related to the content and the wall of some hepatic cysts. The increased metabolic activity was localized on segments VI and VII. We proceeded to drainage of one cyst in segment VI, removing 110 cc of purulent fluid which grew E. Coli BLEE. The (18)F-FDG PET/CT scan should be included in the diagnostic algorithm for detecting infected liver cysts in patients with ADPKD and fever of unknown origin.

[Papillary thyroid carcinoma synchronous with breast cancer: an incidental finding in an (18)F-FDG PET-CT study carried out in a search for occult breast cancer]. / Carcinoma papilar de tiroides sincrónico con cáncer de mama: hallazgo casual en una exploración (18)F-FDG PET-TAC por búsqueda de un cáncer oculto de mama.

The most common cause of metastatic involvement of axillary lymph nodes in women is ipsilateral breast cancer. The definition of occult breast malignancy has changed over time. Nowadays, it is considered to exist when it coincides with an isolated metastatic axillary abnormal lymph node in the absence of a palpable tumor in the ipsilateral breast, non-diagnostic breast tumor mammography and no detection of other malignancies outside the breast which could potentially affect the axillary nodes. The value of (18)F-FDG PET/CT scan in these patients has not been established, but it could be useful in those patients with a non-diagnostic MRI. It is not uncommon in (18)F-FDG PET/CT studies to identify incidental hypermetabolic focal image in the thyroid. The high prevalence of cancer in these lesions makes it recommendable to perform a US study and/or FNAP biopsy.

Carcinoma papilar de tiroides sincrónico con cáncer de mama: hallazgo casual en una exploración 18F-FDG PET-TAC por búsqueda de un cáncer oculto de mama / Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma synchronous with breast cancer: An incidental finding in an 18F-FDG PET-CT study carried out in a search for occult breast cancer

La causa más frecuente de afectación metastásica de los ganglios linfáticos axilares en mujeres es una neoplasia en la mama ipsilateral. La definición de neoplasia oculta de mama se ha modificado con el tiempo. Actualmente, hay que considerar una neoplasia oculta de mama cuando coincide una linfadenopatía axilar metastásica aislada en ausencia de una tumoración palpable en la mama ipsilateral, una mamografía no diagnóstica para un tumor mamario y la no detección de una neoplasia primaria fuera de la mama, que potencialmente pudiera afectar a los ganglios axilares. En estos casos, el valor de la exploración 18F-FDG-PET-TAC no está establecido, aunque puede ser de utilidad en pacientes con una RM no diagnóstica. No es infrecuente que, en una exploración 18F-FDG-PET-TAC, se identifique de forma casual una imagen hipermetabólica focal en tiroides. La elevada prevalencia de cáncer en este tipo de lesiones, aconseja practicar una exploración con US y/o PAAF(AU)

The most common cause of metastatic involvement of axillary lymph nodes in women is ipsilateral breast cancer. The definition of occult breast malignancy has changed over time. Nowadays, it is considered to exist when it coincides with an isolated metastatic axillary abnormal lymph node in the absence of a palpable tumor in the ipsilateral breast, non-diagnostic breast tumor mammography and no detection of other malignancies outside the breast which could potentially affect the axillary nodes. The value of 18F-FDG PET/CT scan in these patients has not been established, but it could be useful in those patients with a non-diagnostic MRI. It is not uncommon in 18F-FDG PET/CT studies to identify incidental hypermetabolic focal image in the thyroid. The high prevalence of cancer in these lesions makes it recommendable to perform a US study and/or FNAP biopsy(AU)